H2O Movement In The Nephron

Order instructions

Which of the following statements about H₂O movement in the nephron is/are true?

a) H₂O diffuses down its osmolarity gradient directly across the apical (luminal) and basolateral membranes directly through the lipid bi-layer.

b) The osmolarity gradient that drives H₂O diffusion (osmosis) is created by the re-absorption of solutes along the nephron, particularly Na⁺.

c) H₂O re-absorption is directly coupled to (directly follows) Na⁺ re-absorption in all segments of the renal tubule.

d) Water channels called aquaporins must exist in the apical and basolateral membranes for significant H₂O re-absorption to occur.

e) H₂O molecules use Na⁺/H₂O co-transporters to move across the membrane.